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Lutheran Lens Commentary: John 21:15-19

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Lutheran Lens Reading of John 21:15-19

Tradition-Specific Interpretation

We read this passage as a profound interplay of Law and Gospel. The threefold question 'Do you love me?' functions as Law, exposing Peter's prior denial and human frailty. Yet, Christ's command to 'feed my sheep' is Gospel, delivering grace and restoring Peter to his vocation. This is a Christological text: it is not about Peter's ability but Christ's forgiveness and commission, underscoring our baptismal identity in the Office of the Holy Ministry. It highlights the theology of the cross, where reconciliation comes through Peter's weakness, not his strength.

Key Language Decisions

The Greek term 'agapao' versus 'phileo' in Jesus' questioning and Peter's response has been debated, but our tradition emphasizes the overall movement from Law to Gospel rather than linguistic nuances here. The imperative 'feed' (boske) and 'tend' (poimaino) highlight the vocational call and restoration through means of grace — the Word and Sacraments — rather than human merit.

Where Traditions Diverge

Unlike Reformed traditions that might emphasize Peter's role as a leader based on personal sanctification, we focus on Christ's work in Peter, highlighting simul justus et peccator. Roman Catholic interpretations may see this as a foundation for papal succession, whereas we see it as Christ's restoration of a sinner to vocational service, emphasizing justification by faith alone rather than apostolic authority.

Pastoral Application

In preaching this passage, we must highlight that Christ's forgiveness is not contingent on our past failings. Peter's restoration is a vivid illustration of the Gospel's power to restore and commission sinners. We ought to assure our congregations that their baptismal identity in Christ equips them for their vocations despite their weaknesses. The emphasis should be on Christ's work through the means of grace, not on human accomplishments, embodying the theology of the cross.

Cross-References: Luke 22:31-34; John 10:11-18; 1 Peter 5:1-4; Acts 20:28; Ephesians 4:11-12

Doctrinal Connections: Law and Gospel; The Office of the Holy Ministry; The theology of the cross; Baptismal identity; Simul justus et peccator

Topics & Themes

Law and GospelThe Office of the Holy MinistryThe theology of the crossBaptismal identitySimul justus et peccator

Scripture References

John 21:15-19

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