Lutheran Lens Commentary: John 4:1-4

Lutheran Lens Reading of John 4:1-4

Tradition-Specific Interpretation

In John 4:1-4, we read this passage as preparatory groundwork for the profound Gospel encounter between Jesus and the Samaritan woman. It is through the lens of Law and Gospel that we discern this narrative movement. The Law is present in the historical division and animosity between Jews and Samaritans, which highlights human sinfulness and division. Yet, this sets the stage for the Gospel: Jesus, embodying divine grace, intentionally crosses these boundaries to bring the promise of living water. This passage foreshadows the breaking down of barriers, demonstrating Christ's mission to seek and save the lost, regardless of societal divisions.

Key Language Decisions

The Greek text of John 4:4 states, 'ἔδει δὲ αὐτὸν διέρχεσθαι διὰ τῆς Σαμαρείας' (He had to pass through Samaria), which implies divine necessity ('ἔδει') rather than mere geographic convenience. This choice reinforces our understanding of Jesus' mission as divinely ordained, underscoring God's unilateral action in Christ to reach the outcast and the outsider. The emphasis is on God's initiative in grace, not human decision or action.

Where Traditions Diverge

Our Lutheran reading of this passage emphasizes the theology of the cross over a theology of glory, contrasting with traditions that might focus on Jesus as a moral example breaking social barriers (e.g., certain Reformed or Methodist readings). We emphasize God's unilateral grace, while others may stress human response or transformation as central. This matters theologically because it affects whether the text is heard as Law exposing sin or Gospel delivering grace.

Pastoral Application

As Lutheran pastors, we should proclaim that Jesus' journey through Samaria is an act of divine grace, confronting the Law revealed in human divisions and bringing the Gospel of reconciliation. We emphasize that Christ comes to us in our brokenness, not waiting for us to bridge the gap. Our congregations expect to hear that Jesus meets us in our own Samaritan places — where we are outcast and isolated — offering living water through Word and Sacrament. This passage invites us to trust in Christ's work, not our own ability to overcome barriers, rejoicing in the Gospel's promise of inclusion and salvation.

Cross-References: Luke 19:10; Ephesians 2:14-18; Isaiah 52:7; Romans 5:8; John 3:16

Doctrinal Connections: Law and Gospel; the theology of the cross; means of grace; justification by faith alone; simul justus et peccator