Lutheran Lens Commentary: Luke 15:11-32 (The Prodigal Son)

Lutheran Lens Reading of Luke 15:11-32 (The Prodigal Son)

Tradition-Specific Interpretation

We read this passage as a profound illustration of the Law and Gospel distinction. The recklessness of the younger son exposes the Law's work, revealing the depth of human sin and the bondage of the will — the old Adam rebelling against the Father. Yet, the father's unconditional embrace of his repentant son is pure Gospel, reflecting God's grace extended to us in Christ. The elder brother's indignation further exposes the Law's hold, as he fails to grasp the radical nature of grace that justifies by faith alone, apart from works.

Key Language Decisions

The Greek word 'σπαταλάω' (spataláō) in verse 13, translated as 'wasted,' highlights the total depravity and moral bankruptcy that the Law exposes. The father's 'σπλαγχνίζομαι' (splagchnízomai), translated as 'had compassion,' underscores the Gospel's promise of God's tender mercy in Christ. This semantic range emphasizes that the Gospel is not earned but freely given in the father's embrace, aligning with our doctrine of grace alone.

Where Traditions Diverge

Unlike Reformed readings that might emphasize the moral transformation or perseverance of the saints, we emphasize the passive righteousness of the sinner who is justified by faith alone. In contrast to Catholic interpretations that might see the elder brother as a symbol of earning salvation through works, we underscore the impossibility of meriting grace, which is a gift. These differences matter because they shape how we understand the nature of God's forgiveness and human participation in salvation.

Pastoral Application

In preaching this passage, we must emphasize that the Gospel speaks to us as the prodigal, welcomed home not because of our repentance, but because of the Father's love. We are simul justus et peccator, continually needing both Law and Gospel. The congregation should hear that our baptismal identity assures us of God's unending grace, a grace that does not wait for us to become worthy. As pastors, we should remind our people that their worth is found solely in Christ's finished work, not in their own efforts or merit.

Cross-References: Romans 3:23-24; Ephesians 2:8-9; Galatians 3:13; Romans 5:8; 2 Corinthians 5:21

Doctrinal Connections: Law and Gospel; Simul justus et peccator; Justification by faith alone; The bondage of the will; The theology of the cross