Lutheran Lens Commentary: Matthew 28:19-20 (The Great Commission)

Lutheran Lens Reading of Matthew 28:19-20 (The Great Commission)

Tradition-Specific Interpretation

We read this passage as both Law and Gospel. The command to 'make disciples of all nations' (Law) exposes our failure to evangelize as we ought, revealing our dependence on God's grace. Yet, it is primarily Gospel because it delivers Christ's promise of His abiding presence 'to the end of the age,' assuring us of His work through us. The emphasis is on the means of grace — Word and Sacrament — through which disciples are made and sustained. The passage is Christological, with Christ Himself assuring us of His authority and presence in the mission of the Church.

Key Language Decisions

The Greek verb 'μαθητεύσατε' (matheteusate) implies not just teaching but forming disciples, which we understand as a lifelong journey rooted in Baptism and teaching. The phrase 'ἐγώ εἰμι μεθ' ὑμῶν' (ego eimi meth' humon) is crucial, where 'ἐγώ εἰμι' (I am) recalls God's self-identification, emphasizing Christ's divine presence. These linguistic choices reinforce our understanding of the passage as centered on God's action rather than human effort.

Where Traditions Diverge

Unlike Reformed traditions that may emphasize human response or decision, we emphasize God's action in Baptism as a means of grace, not a human work. Catholic traditions might focus on ecclesial authority in disciple-making, whereas we emphasize Christ's direct promise and presence, avoiding any theology of glory that would place confidence in human institutions or actions.

Pastoral Application

In preaching this passage, we must highlight the Gospel assurance that Christ is with us in our mission. The task of making disciples is daunting, revealing our sin and inadequacy, but we are comforted by Christ's promise of His presence. Congregants should hear that through Baptism and teaching, Christ Himself is at work, inviting them to rest in His accomplished work. Emphasize that our evangelistic efforts are not about achieving triumph but faithfully participating in Christ's mission, trusting His promise rather than our effectiveness.

Cross-References: Acts 2:38-39; Ephesians 2:8-10; Romans 6:3-4; 1 Peter 3:21; John 15:5

Doctrinal Connections: means of grace; justification by faith alone; the Office of the Holy Ministry; baptismal identity; simul justus et peccator